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Eurlings, M. C. M. and B. Gravendeel (Submitted). “Identification of gaharu ( Aquilaria and Gyrinops) dry wood using trnL-trnF polymorphisms.”

Eurlings M.C.M & Gravendeel B. (2005) “TrnL-trnF sequence data imply paraphyly of Aquilaria & Gyrinops (Thymelaeaceae) and provide new perspectives for agarwood identification”. Plant Systematics & Evolution 254(1-2), 1-12.

Abstract: The genera Aquilaria & Gyrinops (Thymelaceae, Malvales) are well known for the production of agarwood which is a highly wanted forest product of substantial economic value. The taxonomic status of Aquilaria & Gyrinops as separate genera is doubted as they are only distinguished by the number of stamens. We investigated their status by conducting phylogenic analyses of DNA sequences from the plasmid trnL-trnF spacer. Control of international trade of agarwood is directly hampered by the failure of traditional methods such as microscopy to identify samples to species level. We therefore evaluated the potential of molecular identification of agarwood by searching for species- and region-specific plastid DNA polymorphisms. DNA sequences were obtained from 31 Thymelaeaceae accessions encompassing 20 different species in six genera. Aquilaria & Gyrinops appear to be paraphyletic. Success in sequencing wood samples demonstrates that molecular markers provide new perspectives for agarwood.

Kiet, le-C., Kessler PJA & Eurlings M. (2005) “A new species of Aquilaria from Vietnam.” Blumea 50(1), 135-141.

MengLing H., Shuyan Q & Lanjuan H. (2005) “Rapid in vitro propagation of medicinally important Aquilaria agallocha.” J. of Zhejiang University Science 6B(8), 849-852.

Abstract: A. agallocha [A. malaccensis] can produce fragrant agarwood used for incense, traditional medicine & other products. An efficient plant regeneration system was established via organogenesis from shoots developed from seedlings of Aquilaria agallocha. Shoots generated many buds on MS medium supplemented with 1.3 micromol/L. BA (6-benzylaminopurine) in the first 7 weeks, and the buds elongated on MS medium with 1.3 micrmol/L. BA (benzyladenine) + 0.5 micromol/L. NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) in another 7 weeks, 2.3 shoots 2cm. In length per explant were obtained within 14 weeks. Plantlets were rooted on ½ MS medium after being immersed in 5 micromol/L. NAA for 48 h. 96.7% of the roots grew well 2 weeks later. All plantlets that survived acclimatisation grew well in the pots.

Puzari K.C. & Saikia (2001) "Investigation on the Formation & Development of agaru in Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Proceedings of Seminar on Scope & Dimension of Agar Plantation in NE region. Edits M. Ahmed, P. Gogol & G.U. Ahmed pp 61-69, AATMA, Hojai, India.

Rahman MA & Basak AC “Agar production in agar trees by artificial inoculation and wounding” Bano Bigan Patrika Jan-July 1980, 9(1&2) 97-93.

Research Reports of the American Institute of Unani Medicine, Oxford NY, Christi Order, 1994.

Revolutionary Health Committee of Hunan Province (1978) A Barefoot Doctors Manual rev. & enlarged edn. pub. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1978.

Rypacek V., Navratilova Z. (1971) “Growth of Fungi in Wood” Drevarasky Vyskum 16 (1/2), 115-22

Sadgopal & Varma B.S. (1952) “Agar oil from the wood of Aquilaria agallocha Roxburgh” SPC 25, 169-174.

Sadgopal (1960) “Explanatory studies in the development of essential oils and their constituents in Aromatic Plants. Part 1: Oil of Agarwood.” SPC 33, 41-46.

Shankaranarayana K.H., Parthasarathi K. & Rai S.N. (1986) “HAWS & HEBS – two new essential oils from spent Agarwood and Bursera Husk” Perf. & Flav. 11. Oct/Nov 1986 p93-95.

Shaw K. (1966) “Development issues: tropical forests and Aromatic plants as Non-Timber Forest Products” from lecture notes 2.8.1996 at Purdue Univ, Indiana, Training Program on Essential Oils.

Schun Y, Cordell GA. (1985) “Studies in the Thymelaeaceae. III. Constituents of Gyrinops walla.” J Nat Prod. 1985 48(4), 684-5.

Shyun, Chang Yu (1997) “Gaharu. FRIM In Focus” The Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Jan 1997.

Sidiyasa K. et al. (1986) [“Exploration and study of regeneration of ‘gaharu’ producing substances in Kintal forest region, South Kalimantan”]. Bulletin Penelitian Hutan 474, 59-66.

Soehartono T. & Newton A.C. (2000) “Conservation & Sustainable Use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria. I Status and Use in Indonesia.” Biological Conservation 96 (2000) 83-94.

Soehartono T. & Newton A.C. (2001) “Conservation & Sustainable Use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria. II The impact of gaharu harvesting in Indonesia." Biological Conservation 97(1) 29-41.

Soehartono T. & Newton A.C. (2001) “CITES and the conservation of tree species: the case of Aquilaria in Indonesia” Internat Forestry Review 3(1), 27-33. Commonwealth Forestry Assocn.

Soehartono, T. Newton, A. C. (2001) “Reproductive ecology of Aquilaria spp. in Indonesia” Forest Ecology & Management 152(1-3), 59-71.

Soehartono, T. Newton & A. C. Mardiastuti A. (2002) “Factors influencing the survival and growth of Aquilaria malaccensis seedlings in Indonesia” Journal of Tropical Forest Science 14(3), 364-378 Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Soehartono, T. Newton & A. C (2002) “The Gaharu Trade in Indonesia: Is it Sustainable?” Economic Botany 56(3) pp271-284.

Soehartono T. & Mardiastuti A. (2002) "CITES Implementation in Indonesia". Nagao International Experimental Foundation.

Soehartono T. (2003) “Sustainable Trade in Agarwood and Ramin in Indonesia” Paper presented at the Workshop on National Strategy and Trade of Trees in Indonesia. Indonesian Institute of Sciences – Centre for Biological Research. Bogor Sept 2003.

Subeham., Junya U., Fujino H., Attamimi F., Kadota S (2005) “A field survey of agarwood in Indonesia” J of Trad. Medicines 22(4), 244-251.

Abstract: Agarwood is one of the most valuable non-timber forest products harvested from the tropical forests in S.E. Asia. We have surveyed agarwood in Indonesia which is performed through interviewed collectors, businessmen, and government officers (Ministry of Forestry, East Kalimentan, Indonesia) and also surveyed the wild agarwood and its cultivation in South Sulawesi & East Kalimantan Provinces. High economic value is one of the reasons for collecting agarwood to increase family income of the peoples living by the forest. Each surveyed area has a different classification and price of each grade, according to their experience by observing the darkness, smell, oily and density of agarwood. Over exploitation of the natural resource makes the stock becoming exhausted. It has been an initiative for the conserving the plant of source agarwood by cultivation. Fungi, the known stimulators in formation of agarwood, are used in the cultivation of agarwood. Fusarium laseritum is the faster fungus infecting Aquilaria sp. tree, and can be isolated and inoculated easily into medium. Thus, this fungus is inoculated into holes in the trunk. One year after inoculation obtained agarwood with the lowest grade. This cultivation program was supported by the Indonesian government through research & training to the collector who cultivate agarwood.

Suvitayavat W., Tunglert S., Thirawarapan S.S., Kitpati C. & Bunyapraphatsara N. (2005) “Actions of Ya-hom, a herbal drug combination, on isolated rat aortic ring and atrial contractions.” Phytomedicine 12(8), 561-569.

Abstract: The effect of the popular Thai medicine Ya-hom on cardiovascular function was studied in isolated rat aortic ring and atrium by comparison with norepinephrine (NE). Ya-hom contains extracts of Agastache rugosa, Acorus gramineus, Lysimachia foenum-graecum, Citrus nobilis, Magnolia officinalis, Cinnamomum cassia (C. aromaticum), Asarum sieboldii, Ligusticum wallichii, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzygium aromaticum), Saussurea lappa, Aquillaria agallocha, Atractylis ovata & Angelica anomala. Water extraction of ya-hom at 0.83, 1.67, 8.33, & 16.67mg/ml stimulated aortic ring contraction dose-dependently. The maximum concentration, at 16.67 mg/ml was ~14% that of NE. This stimulatory effect of Ya-hom was inhibited partially by phentolamine, which indicated that the effect of Ya-hom was partly dependent on the alpha receptor, similar to NE. Administration of Ya-hom with NR decreased the force of aortic ring contraction compared to the effect of NE alone, indicating the Ya-hom may have a partial alpha-agonist activity. Ya-hom at concentrations of 1.67, 8.33 & 16.67 mg/ml showed a dose-dependent positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects. Ya-hom increased the force of isolated atrial contraction with slow onset and prolonged action. In contract to NE which acted on beta 1 reeceptor, causing positive inotrophic & negative chromotrophic effects, propanolol did not alter the effect of Ya-hom on the atrial contraction. This shows the action of Ya-hom on atrial contraction does not involve the beta-receptor. This study demonstrated that the selected Ya-hom preparation increased vascular smooth muscle contraction, increase the force, but decreased the rate of atrial contraction.

Suvitayavat W., Tunglert S., Thirawarapan S.S., & Bunyapraphatsara N. (2005) “Effects of Ya-hom on blood pressure in rats.” J. of Ethnopharmacology 97(3), 503-508.

Abstract: The effects of Ya-hom a traditional Thai formulation, on blood pressure were evaluated to verify its use for fainting treatment. Ya-hom has several recipes which are composed of different herbal plants in varying ratio. We have selected the most popular commercial preparation to determine the effect on blood pressure in rats. The water extract of Ya-hom at doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8g/Kg initially transiently decreased pressure and over time, increased blood pressure. The duration of the Ya-hom effect of decreasing & increasing blood pressure was dose dependent. Phentolamine attenuated the blood pressure decreasing effect but did not affect the blood pressure increasing effect of Ya-hom. Ya-hom was previously shown to increase aortic ring contraction which was partially inhibited by phentolamine, and increased atrial contraction. It is possible that phentolamine inhibits the effect of Ya-hom on vascular smooth muscle contraction resulting in a prominent positive inotropic effect. This may be the same reason that phentolamine does influence the effect of Ya-hom on increasing the blood pressure. The dominant effect of Ya-hom on increasing the blood pressure supports the use of Ya-hom for the treatment of fainting.

Tamuli P., Bhuyan D., Borah P., Nath SC (1999) “Seed-bourne fungi of Agarwood plant” Indian Phytopathology 52(3), 312.

Tamuli P, Boruah P, Nath SC, Bhuyan D & Samanta R (2000a) “Mycofloral study on rhizosphere of Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.” Assam Science Society Vol 1.

Tamuli P, Boruah P, Nath SC, & Samanta R (2000) “Fungi from diseased agarwood tree (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.): two new records” in Advances in Forestry Research 2000, XXII ed. Ram Parkash p182-189.

Tamuli P., Boruah P. (2002) “Changes in free Amino acids in Agarwood plant under Pathological condition” Geobios - Jodhpur 29(4), 241-243.

Tamuli P., Boruah P. (2002) “Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Assocaition of Agarwood tree in Jorhat District of the Brahmatputra Valley.” Indian Forester 128(9), 991-994 Forest Research Institute.

Abstract: The essential oil of the Eaglewood tree (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) has been considered to be a pathological product. An investigation was carried out to study the difference in composition of oils obtained from healthy, naturally infected and artifically inoculated eaglewood using GC and GC/MS analyses. This investigation shows a marked difference in the oil compositions among the treatments witrh regards to their quality. Valerianol (3.0%) and tetradecanoic acid (7.1%) contents were recorded higher in the oils of naturally infected plants than in that of healthy ones (0.1% and 6.9% respectively). Pentedecanoic acid was totally absent in the oils of healthy (..plants/trees?), whereas it was found in a greater amount (6.8%) in the oil of naturally infected plants. In contrast dodecanoic acid (3.1%), pentedecanoic acid (6.2%), hexadecanoic acid (31.5%) and octadecanoic acid were found in the oils of healthy plants, while the oils obtained from naturally infected plants contained lower amounts of these components (2.3%, 4.8%, 20.0% and 1.0% respectively). The oils obtained from the inoculated plants showed almost similar distribution of the components with healthy plants.

Thomas A.F. & Ozianne M. (1976) “The stereochemistry of the dihydroagofurans” Tet. Lett. 20, 1717-1718.

Uchibayashi M. (2002) [“Eaglewood and eagle”] Yakushigaku Zasshi 37(1), 104-106.

Universitas Nusa Cendana (1996). Prospek Pengusahaan Gaharu di Nusa Tenggara Timur: Studi

Varma K.R,, Maheshwari M.L. & Bhattacharyya S.C. (1965) “Terpenoids LXII. The constitution of agarospirol, a sesquiterpenoid with a new skeleton. Tetrahedron 21, 115-138.

Verma V.P.S. (1977) “Trials of herbicides for inducing formation of agarwood in Aquilaria agollocha Roxb.” Indian Perfumer XXI(3),151-3.

Venkataramanan M.N., Borthakur & Singh H.D. (1985) "Occurrence of Endotrophic myccorhizzal fungus in agarwood plant Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Current Sci 54, 928

Wiriadinata H. (1995) Gaharu, Aquilaria spp. Perkembangandan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan. Lokakarya pengusahaan hasil hutan non kayu Indonesia. Surabaya, 31 Juli-1 Agustus 1995.

Wollenberg EK “Incentives for Collecting Gaharu (Fungal-Infected Wood of Aquilaria spp.; Thymelaceae) in East Kalimantan Economic Botany 55(3),444-456.

Xu J-F., Zhu L-F., Lu B-Y. & Liu C-T. (1988) “Study on chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour) Gilg. Zhiwu Xuebo 30, 635-638.

Yagura T., Ito M., Kiuchi F., Honda G., Shimada Y. (2003) “Four new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives from the withered wood of Aquilaria sinensis.” Chem Pharm Bull 51(5), 560-564.

Abstract: Four new chromone derivatives, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone, 6-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)chromone, 8-chloro-2-(2-phenylethyl)-5,6,7-trihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone, 6,7-dihydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone were isolated from the methanol extract of withered wood of Aquilaria sinensis, together with seven known constituents of agarwood.

Yagura T., Shibayama N ., Ito M., Kiuchi F. & Honda G. (2005) “Three novel diepoxy tetrahydrochromones from agarwood artificially wounded by intentional wounding” Tetrahedron Letters 46(25), 4395-4398.

Abstract: Three novel diepoxy tetrahydrochromones, oxidoagarochromones A (1), B(2) & C(3) were isolated from agarwood artificially produced by intentional wounding of A. crassna. Inductive production of these three compounds was also confirmed at the early stage of wounding in A. sinensis and A. crassna. These diepoxy tetrahydrochromones would play an important role in the understanding the biuosynthesis of chromone derivatives in agarwood.

Yamada I. (1995) “Aloeswood Forest and the maritime World”. South East Asian Studies 33(3), 181-186.

Yamamoto Koryo KK Incense containing chromone derivatives isolated from Aquilaria agalloca Patent: Japan Kokari Tokkyo Koho JP84106414; JP 59106414 Date: 840620 Application: JP82217299 (821210).

Yamanaka, Akihiko (1981) “Jinko, the scented wood of Aquilaria aquallocha Roxb.” Koryo 134, 61-4.

Yance (2001)I., Mandang & Bambang Wityono “Anatomy of Eaglewood (Aquilaria malaccensis) and several related species” Poster at 5^th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference (Yogyakarta). p471

Yang J.S. & Chen Y.W. (1983) “[Studies on the constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. I. Isolation and structure elucidation of two new sesquiterpenes, baimuxinic acid and baimuxinal] Yao Xue Xue Bao 18(3),191-8.

Yang J.S., Chen Y.W. (1986) “[Studies on the chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. II. Isolation and structure of baimuxinol and dehydrobaimuxinol]” Yao Xue Xue Bao 21(7),516-20.

Yang J.S., Wang Y.L., Su Y.L., He C.H., Zheng Q.T., Yang J. (1989) [Studies on the chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour) Gilg. III. Elucidation of the structure of isobaimuxinol and isolation and identification of the constituents of lower boiling fraction of the volatile oil] Yao Xue Xue Bao. 24(4), 264-8.

Yang J.S., Wang Y.L., Su Y.L. (1989) “[Studies on the chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. IV. Isolation and characterization of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives]” Yao Xue Xue Bao 24(9):678-83.

Yang J.S., Wang Y.L., Su Y.L. (1990) “[Studies on the chemical constituents of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg. V. Isolation and characterization of three 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives]” Yao Xue Xue Bao 25(3),186-90.

Yoneda K., Yamagata E., Nakanishi T., Nagashima T., Kawasaki I., Yoshida T., Mo Yoneda K. (1984) “Sesquiterpenoids in Two Different kinds of Agarwood" Phytochem 23(9), 2068-2069.

Yoshii E., Koizuma T. & Oribe T. (1978) “The structure of Agarotetrol: A novel high oxygenated chromone from Agarwood Jinko” Tetrahedr Letters 41, 3921-3924.

Young C.M. (2001) “The extraction of the non-forest timber product mai hom (Aquilaria crassna) in Northeast Thailand” Tropical Resources Institute Newsletter, Spring 2001.

Yu Chenghung & Liang Yuanui (1980) “Anatomical and Histochemical Studies on Oleoresin form Medicinal Plantation in the wood of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Golg.” 4^th Asian Symposium on Medicinal Plants, Bankock, Thailand Abstracts Mahidl Univ. Bankok (Thailand).

Zhou Y.B. (1988) “[Pharmacological actions of lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) on the smooth muscle of intestines]” Zhong Yao Tong Bao 13(6),40-2, 64.

Zich F. & Compton J. (undated) “The Final Frontier Towards Sustainable Management of Papua New Guinea’s Agarwood Resources." A TRAFFIC Oceana report in conjunction with WWF.